Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated for the separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny?
The Enlightenment idea that governments derive their authority from the consent of the governed is best described as:
Voltaire was a strong proponent of which of the following Enlightenment ideals?
Which of the following documents was most directly influenced by Enlightenment ideas?
Mary Wollstonecraft argued for:
What was the primary cause of the Third Estate's discontent in pre-revolutionary France?
The 'Reign of Terror' during the French Revolution was characterized by:
Which event is traditionally considered the start of the French Revolution?
Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power primarily because of his:
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaimed:
What was the most significant factor that led to the start of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?
The invention of the steam engine by James Watt was crucial because it:
Which of the following was a negative social consequence of the Industrial Revolution?
The process of rapid growth of cities as people moved from rural areas to find work in factories is known as:
Adam Smith's concept of the 'invisible hand' in his book 'The Wealth of Nations' refers to:
Imperialism in the 19th century is best defined as:
Which of the following was a major economic motive for European imperialism?
The 'Scramble for Africa' refers to:
The concept of 'Social Darwinism' was used to justify imperialism by arguing that:
Which country controlled the largest colonial empire by the early 20th century?
Which of the following was a major cause of World War I?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo was the immediate spark that ignited World War I because:
Trench warfare during World War I was characterized by:
Which country's entry into World War I in 1917 significantly shifted the balance of power in favor of the Allied Powers?
The Treaty of Versailles, signed after World War I, primarily aimed to:
Document-Based Question: European Imperialism in Africa
This question asks you to analyze the causes and impacts of European imperialism in Africa. Use the documents provided and your knowledge of world history to construct your response.
Document 1: From a speech by Jules Ferry (French Prime Minister), 1884 "Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly. We must say openly that the higher races have a right over the lower races... I repeat, that the superior races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize the inferior races... These duties have often been misunderstood in previous centuries, and certainly when the Spanish conquistadores introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race... In our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with perfect sincerity of this superior civilizing duty."
Document 2: From Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's Burden," 1899 "Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child."
Document 3: Map illustrating European colonial claims in Africa, 1885 and 1914. Description: A map showing virtually all of Africa divided into colonial possessions by European powers by 1914, with only Liberia and Ethiopia remaining independent. Key colonial powers include Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, Italy, and Spain. The lines of division often appear geometric, disregarding existing ethnic or linguistic boundaries. The rapid acceleration of claims between 1885 and 1914 is clearly visible, reflecting the outcomes of the Berlin Conference (1884-1885).
Document 4: From the writings of King Menelik II of Ethiopia to European powers, 1891 "Ethiopia has been for fourteen centuries a Christian island in a sea of pagans... The Almighty has protected Ethiopia up to this day, and I am hopeful that He will protect her in the future. I have no intention of remaining an indifferent spectator when a scramble for Africa is taking place. Therefore, I intend to take the necessary steps to retain for my Empire its ancient limits... Ethiopia has need of no one; she is the guardian of her own faith, her own laws, and her own customs. My Empire is as big as you claim it is not. You want to divide Africa; Ethiopia needs no division because she is unified."
Based on Document 1, what economic motive for imperialism is suggested?
How does Document 2 reflect a common social or ideological justification for European imperialism?
What political or strategic considerations for European powers are evident in Document 3?
What is one significant impact of European imperialism on African societies, as suggested by Document 4?
Using the provided documents and your knowledge of world history, analyze the various motives that drove European imperialism in Africa during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Discuss both the stated justifications and the underlying economic, political, and social factors.
Choose ONE of the following long essay questions. Construct a well-developed essay that answers the prompt and is supported by specific historical evidence.
To what extent did the Enlightenment challenge traditional authority and influence political revolutions in the 18th and 19th centuries?
Choose ONE of the following long essay questions. Construct a well-developed essay that answers the prompt and is supported by specific historical evidence.
Analyze the major causes and significant consequences of World War I (1914-1918) on global political, social, and economic structures.