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Which of the following ideas is most closely associated with John Locke's philosophy of government?

Select one option

Governments should be absolute monarchies with divine right.

Governments should protect the natural rights of citizens.

Governments are only legitimate if they are based on a social contract among all citizens.

Governments should have separate branches to prevent tyranny.

The Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire is best known for:

Select one option

Developing the idea of separation of powers in government.

Arguing for a direct democracy where the general will prevails.

Advocating for freedom of speech and religious toleration.

Promoting the idea of laissez-faire economics.

Baron de Montesquieu's most significant contribution to political theory was his idea of:

Select one option

Social contract

Divine right of kings

Natural rights

Separation of powers

According to John Locke, the three fundamental natural rights are:

Select one option

Freedom of speech, press, and assembly

Equality, fraternity, and liberty

Life, liberty, and property

Health, education, and welfare

Enlightenment ideas had a significant impact on political thought because they:

Select one option

Supported the divine right of kings to rule.

Challenged the legitimacy of absolute monarchs.

Advocated for the return to feudal social structures.

Promoted the isolation of nations from international trade.

Which of the following was a major cause of the French Revolution?

Select one option

The rapid growth of the French colonial empire.

Economic hardship and social inequality.

The spread of Protestantism in France.

The victory of France in the Seven Years' War.

The Storming of the Bastille is significant because:

Select one option

It marked the end of the Reign of Terror.

It led to the immediate execution of King Louis XVI.

It symbolized the start of the French Revolution.

It resulted in the signing of a peace treaty with Austria.

Maximilien Robespierre is most famously associated with:

Select one option

Negotiating the Treaty of Versailles.

Leading the Reign of Terror.

Writing the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Commanding the French army during the Napoleonic Wars.

Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power primarily due to:

Select one option

His strong advocacy for democratic reforms.

His military victories and coup d'état.

His role as a prominent Enlightenment philosopher.

His negotiation of favorable trade agreements with Britain.

10.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) was a document that:

Select one option

Established France as a constitutional monarchy.

Formally ended the Reign of Terror.

Declared the fundamental rights of all French citizens.

Outlined the terms of France's surrender to allied forces.

11.

Which invention was crucial to the development of factories and transportation during the First Industrial Revolution?

Select one option

The printing press

The automobile

The steam engine

The internet

12.

A significant social consequence of the Industrial Revolution was:

Select one option

A decline in population growth.

Rapid growth of cities and urban centers.

The strengthening of the traditional aristocracy.

An increase in agricultural employment.

13.

The factory system that emerged during the Industrial Revolution was characterized by:

Select one option

Decentralized production in homes.

A reliance on manual labor only.

Centralized production in large buildings.

A focus on agricultural output.

14.

The Industrial Revolution led to the rise of new social classes, most notably:

Select one option

A strengthened peasant class.

A shrinking aristocracy.

A growing middle class and urban working class.

A decline in social mobility.

15.

The economic theory of 'laissez-faire' widely promoted during the Industrial Revolution suggests that:

Select one option

Government should heavily regulate all industries.

Government should not interfere in the economy.

Workers should own the means of production.

Trade should be limited to within national borders.

16.

A primary economic motive for European imperialism in the 19th century was:

Select one option

To spread democratic ideals globally.

To establish collective security organizations.

Access to raw materials and new markets.

To prevent the spread of communism.

17.

The 'Scramble for Africa' refers to:

Select one option

A series of wars between African kingdoms for control of resources.

The rapid establishment of democratic governments across Africa.

European powers rapidly divided and colonized most of Africa.

The mass migration of Africans to European industrial centers.

18.

Social Darwinism was used to justify imperialism by promoting:

Select one option

The idea of universal human rights.

The belief that all cultures are equal.

The need for international cooperation.

The belief that Europeans were biologically superior and had a right to dominate others.

19.

The Opium Wars (mid-19th century) were primarily caused by:

Select one option

China's attempt to colonize parts of Europe.

Britain's desire to open China to trade, especially opium.

A dispute over colonial boundaries in Africa.

The spread of communism in East Asia.

20.

The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) was:

Select one option

A successful attempt by Indian nationalists to gain independence.

A rebellion of Indian soldiers against British rule.

A peaceful protest led by Mahatma Gandhi.

A military alliance between India and Russia.

21.

Which of the following sets of factors is often cited as the primary causes of World War I?

Select one option

Mercantilism, Alliances, Industrialism, Neutrality

Monarchy, Autocracy, Imperialism, Non-intervention

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Modernization, Agriculture, Isolationism, Diplomacy

22.

Which countries were part of the Central Powers in World War I?

Select one option

France, Russia, Great Britain

United States, Italy, Japan

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Serbia, Belgium, Portugal

23.

Trench warfare during World War I primarily resulted in:

Select one option

Rapid advancements and decisive battles.

Defensive warfare from fortified positions.

Large-scale naval engagements.

Limited casualties due to improved medical care.

24.

The Treaty of Versailles (1919) that ended World War I:

Select one option

Promoted German economic recovery.

Established a lasting peace in Europe.

Imposed harsh reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

Led to the immediate formation of the United Nations.

25.

Which new technologies were introduced and widely used during World War I?

Select one option

Nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles

Tanks and poison gas

Computers and radar

Jet aircraft and drones

Understanding the Era of New Imperialism (c. 1850-1914)

Document 1: From Rudyard Kipling, 'The White Man's Burden' (1899) Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.

Document 2: Excerpt from a Speech by Chief Kabongo (Kikuyu, Kenya), to British Officials (c. 1900) 'You Europeans have a disease of the skin; it is that you are always searching for new places... you are never happy where you are... You speak of 'civilizing' us. But look at your own cities! They are full of poor and starving people, and you have wars that kill millions. Is this what you call civilization? We have our own ways, our own laws, our own God. Leave us in peace!'

Document 3: British Trade with India (Approximate Figures, in Millions of Pounds Sterling)

Year	British Imports from India (Raw Materials: Cotton, Jute, Tea)	British Exports to India (Manufactured Goods: Textiles, Machinery)
1850	£15	£10
1910	£100	£75

Document 4: Description of a Political Cartoon: 'The Great European Cake' (c. 1880s) The cartoon depicts a large cake shaped like the continent of Africa. Several European leaders, identifiable by their national symbols or caricatured features (e.g., British Prime Minister, German Kaiser, French President), are shown with knives, each cutting a slice of the cake for themselves. The background features other global powers observing, some with expressions of concern, others of indifference. The cake itself is labeled with various regions of Africa.

Document 5: Excerpt from the General Act of the Berlin Conference (1885) Article 34. Any Power which henceforth takes possession of a tract of land on the coasts of the African Continent outside of its present possessions, or which, being hitherto without such possessions, shall acquire them, as well as the Power which assumes a Protectorate there, shall accompany the respective act with a notification thereof, addressed to the other signatory Powers of the present Act, in order that they may be enabled to protest, if there be any grounds for doing so.

Article 35. The signatory Powers of the present Act recognize the obligation to ensure the establishment of authority in the regions occupied by them on the coasts of the African Continent sufficient to protect existing rights, and, as the case may be, freedom of trade and transit under the conditions agreed upon.

Document 6: From a Report on Conditions in the Congo Free State (early 1900s) 'The rubber vines are being destroyed, and the native population is being cruelly exploited. Men are forced to gather rubber for no pay, under threat of severe punishment, including the cutting off of hands and feet. Women and children are often held hostage to ensure the men's labor. The forests echo with the cries of the suffering, and the land, once bountiful, now yields little but misery and death. The system relies on terror to extract wealth for foreign companies and the King.'

26.

Using the documents and your knowledge of world history, evaluate the various causes and consequences of European imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, analyzing how different groups experienced and responded to it. Develop a clear thesis and support your argument with specific evidence from at least four of the provided documents and your own outside historical knowledge.

Historical Context: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, European powers engaged in a period of intense expansion known as 'New Imperialism.' This era saw them establish vast colonial empires across Africa and Asia, driven by a complex mix of economic, political, and cultural factors. This expansion dramatically reshaped global power dynamics and had profound, lasting impacts on both colonizers and colonized peoples.

27.

Choose ONE of the following long essay questions.

Option 1: The French Revolution Analyze the extent to which Enlightenment ideas and economic conditions were the primary causes of the French Revolution. In your answer, be sure to utilize specific historical evidence and demonstrate an understanding of historical reasoning skills such as causation.

28.

Choose ONE of the following long essay questions.

Option 2: The Industrial Revolution Compare and contrast the social and economic effects of the First Industrial Revolution (mid-18th to mid-19th century) with those of the Second Industrial Revolution (late 19th to early 20th century). In your answer, be sure to utilize specific historical evidence and demonstrate an understanding of historical reasoning skills such as comparison.