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This exam was created by a large language model. Please use it with caution, as inaccuracies may be present. Always verify critical information.

Which of the following describes displacement?

Select one option

Scalar quantity

Vector quantity

Always positive

Path length

Acceleration is defined as:

Select one option

The rate of change of position

The rate of change of speed

The rate of change of velocity

The total distance covered

The law that states an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force is:

Select one option

Newton's First Law

Newton's Second Law

Newton's Third Law

Law of Conservation of Momentum

What is the normal force?

Select one option

The force of gravity acting on an object

The force that opposes motion

The force exerted by a surface perpendicular to the surface of contact

The force applied to move an object

The rate at which work is done is called:

Select one option

Energy

Work

Power

Force

The SI unit of work is:

Select one option

A Watt

A Newton

A Joule

A Pascal

Heat transfer through direct contact is known as:

Select one option

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Insulation

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that:

Select one option

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Heat always flows from a colder body to a hotter body

Absolute zero cannot be reached

Entropy of the universe tends to increase

What is the primary function of a heat engine?

Select one option

It converts mechanical work into thermal energy.

It converts thermal energy into mechanical work.

It converts electrical energy into thermal energy.

It converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

10.

A car accelerates uniformly from rest to $20 ext{ m/s}$ in $4 ext{ s}$ . What is its average velocity during this period?

Select one option

The final velocity is $20 ext{ m/s}$ .

The average velocity is $5 ext{ m/s}$ .

The average velocity is $10 ext{ m/s}$ .

The acceleration is $5 ext{ m/s}^2$ .

11.

A $5 ext{ kg}$ object experiences a net force that gives it an acceleration of $5 ext{ m/s}^2$ . What is the magnitude of the net force?

Select one option

$1 ext{ N}$

$5 ext{ N}$

$10 ext{ N}$

$25 ext{ N}$

12.

If the speed of an object doubles, its kinetic energy:

Select one option

It doubles.

It triples.

It quadruples.

It halves.

13.

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of $1 ext{ kg}$ of a substance by $1^{ ext{o}} ext{C}$ is known as its:

Select one option

Latent heat of fusion

Thermal conductivity

Specific heat capacity

Heat of vaporization

14.

Static friction acts on an object:

Select one option

When the object is sliding across a surface.

When the object is in free fall.

When the object is at rest on a surface and there is an attempt to move it.

When the object is accelerating.

15.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the conservation of mechanical energy?

Select one option

It applies only to objects moving at constant velocity.

It states that total energy is always conserved, including heat.

In a frictionless environment, the mechanical energy is conserved.

It is applicable only when non-conservative forces are doing work.

16.

The First Law of Thermodynamics is essentially a statement of:

Select one option

Conservation of momentum

Conservation of energy

The internal energy of an isolated system remains constant.

Increase in entropy

17.

The parabolic path followed by a projectile under the influence of gravity is called its:

Select one option

Range

Apex

Trajectory

Flight path

18.

Which of the following are characteristics of an ideal scientific hypothesis?

Select exactly 2 option(s)

It is testable.

It is always proven true.

It is falsifiable.

It is a question.

19.

Which of the following is NOT a form of energy?

Select one option

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

Thermal energy

Pressure

20.

A ball is dropped from a height. If it takes $2.0 ext{ s}$ to reach the ground, what was the initial height (ignoring air resistance)? Use $g = 9.8 ext{ m/s}^2$ .

Select one option

$9.8 ext{ m}$

$19.6 ext{ m}$

$25 ext{ m}$

$39.2 ext{ m}$

21.

In which of the following scenarios is mechanical energy most nearly conserved?

Select one option

A car braking to a stop

A ball rolling up a hill with significant air resistance

A pendulum oscillating in a vacuum

A block sliding across a rough floor

22.

Which statement about friction is correct?

Select one option

Friction always opposes the direction of motion.

The coefficient of kinetic friction is generally less than the coefficient of static friction.

Friction does not depend on the nature of the surfaces in contact.

Friction always converts mechanical energy into useful work.

23.

A projectile is launched from the ground with an initial velocity of $25 ext{ m/s}$ at an angle of $30^{ ext{o}}$ above the horizontal. Ignore air resistance and use $g = 9.8 ext{ m/s}^2$ . (10 points)

a) Calculate the total time of flight. b) Determine the maximum height reached by the projectile. c) Calculate the horizontal range of the projectile.

10kg

24.

A $10 ext{ kg}$ block is pushed down an incline that makes an angle of $30^{ ext{o}}$ with the horizontal. An applied force of $100 ext{ N}$ acts parallel to the incline, pushing it downwards. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the incline is $0.2$ . Use $g = 9.8 ext{ m/s}^2$ . (12 points)

a) Draw a clear free-body diagram for the block, labeling all forces. b) Calculate the acceleration of the block down the incline.

25.

A $2.0 ext{ kg}$ pendulum bob is released from rest at an angle of $45^{ ext{o}}$ from the vertical. The length of the pendulum string is $2.0 ext{ m}$ . Ignore air resistance and friction. Use $g = 9.8 ext{ m/s}^2$ . (10 points)

a) Explain qualitatively how kinetic energy and potential energy change as the pendulum swings from its highest point to its lowest point. b) Calculate the speed of the pendulum bob at the lowest point of its swing.

26.

Thermodynamics is fundamental to understanding heat engines. (10 points)

a) Briefly explain the primary function of a heat engine. b) Write down the general formula for the efficiency of a heat engine. c) An ideal heat engine operates between a hot reservoir at $500 ext{ K}$ and a cold reservoir at $300 ext{ K}$ . Calculate the maximum possible efficiency of this heat engine.

27.

You are tasked with designing an experiment to verify Newton's Second Law of Motion ( $F = ma$ ) by investigating the relationship between mass and acceleration when a constant net force is applied. (8 points)

a) Identify the independent, dependent, and at least two controlled variables for this experiment. b) Formulate a clear and testable hypothesis for this experiment. c) Outline a detailed experimental procedure, including the setup, measurements to be taken, and how the data would be analyzed to test the hypothesis.

Data Table for Toy Car Motion

28.

A student conducts an experiment to investigate the motion of a toy car. They measure the car's instantaneous velocity at different times, as shown in the table below. (16 points)

Time (s)	Velocity (m/s)
0.0	0.0
1.0	2.0
2.0	4.0
3.0	6.0
4.0	8.0
5.0	10.0

a) Describe how you would graphically represent this data to determine the car's acceleration. Include what quantities would be plotted on each axis and the expected shape of the graph. b) Calculate the acceleration of the toy car based on the provided data. c) Using the calculated acceleration, determine the total distance traveled by the car between $0.0 ext{ s}$ and $5.0 ext{ s}$ .

29.

A student attempts to determine the specific heat capacity of an unknown metal using a simple calorimetry experiment. They heat a $50 ext{ g}$ metal cube to $100^{ ext{o}} ext{C}$ in boiling water, then quickly transfer it to a calorimeter containing $100 ext{ g}$ of water at $20^{ ext{o}} ext{C}$ . The final equilibrium temperature of the water and metal is $24^{ ext{o}} ext{C}$ . The student calculates the specific heat capacity based on the assumption that all heat lost by the metal is gained by the water. (10 points)

a) Identify at least three potential sources of error in this experimental setup or procedure that could lead to an inaccurate value for the specific heat capacity. b) For each identified error, propose a specific improvement to the experimental design or procedure to minimize its impact.