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This exam was created by a large language model. Please use it with caution, as inaccuracies may be present. Always verify critical information.

Which organelle is often called the "brain" of the cell because it controls most of the cell's activities?

Select one option

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Nucleus

Cell Membrane

Which part of the cell is responsible for converting food into energy through cellular respiration?

Select one option

Ribosome

Mitochondria

Vacuole

Endoplasmic Reticulum

What is a key difference between a plant cell and an animal cell?

Select one option

Only animal cells have a nucleus.

Only plant cells have mitochondria.

Only plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts.

Only animal cells have a cell membrane.

Which of the following represents the correct order of organization from simplest to most complex in living things?

Select one option

Tissue, cell, organ, organ system, organism

Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Organ, tissue, cell, organism, organ system

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

Select one option

To store water and nutrients

To produce energy for the cell

To control what enters and leaves the cell

To support and protect the cell

What is a gene?

Select one option

A type of protein found in the nucleus

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait

A specialized cell that carries genetic information

The entire set of chromosomes in an organism

In genetics, what does 'dominant' mean?

Select one option

The trait that is hidden by another trait

The trait that is expressed when two different alleles are present

The genetic makeup of an organism

The physical appearance of an organism

For a recessive trait to be expressed in an offspring, what must happen?

Select one option

Only one parent needs to contribute a recessive allele.

Both parents must contribute a dominant allele.

Both parents must contribute a recessive allele.

The trait must be acquired during the offspring's lifetime.

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Select one option

Genotype refers to acquired traits, while phenotype refers to inherited traits.

Genotype refers to the physical appearance, while phenotype refers to the genetic makeup.

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the physical appearance.

Genotype is only for dominant traits, while phenotype is for recessive traits.

10.

Where are genes located within a cell?

Select one option

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Cell membrane

Chromosomes

11.

What is natural selection?

Select one option

The process by which all organisms in an environment become identical over time.

The process by which humans select desirable traits in animals and plants.

The process by which organisms that are best adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully.

The process by which all species remain unchanged over millions of years.

12.

What is an adaptation?

Select one option

A change in an organism's DNA.

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

Any physical characteristic of an organism.

The process of developing from a young form to an adult form.

13.

Which of the following provides the most direct evidence of ancient life forms and how they changed over time?

Select one option

Similarities in DNA

Observations of living species

Fossils

Shared behaviors

14.

How does variation within a species contribute to natural selection?

Select one option

Variation prevents evolution from occurring.

All variations are equally beneficial for survival.

Individuals with traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on those traits.

Variation only occurs in response to environmental changes.

15.

The theory of evolution by natural selection suggests that:

Select one option

All species were created at the same time and have not changed.

Individual organisms change their traits during their lifetime to adapt.

Populations change over time in response to their environment.

Only the strongest animals survive, and weaker ones die without reproducing.

16.

What is an ecosystem?

Select one option

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.

A community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment.

All the living organisms in a particular area.

The place where an organism lives.

17.

In a food chain, organisms that produce their own food, typically through photosynthesis, are called:

Select one option

Consumers

Decomposers

Producers

Scavengers

18.

What is an ecological niche?

Select one option

The specific address where an organism lives.

The number of individuals of a species in an area.

The role or job an organism plays in its environment

The climate conditions of a particular region.

19.

Which type of symbiotic relationship benefits one organism while harming the other?

Select one option

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

Competition

20.

Which of the following is an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?

Select one option

Plants

Animals

Bacteria

Sunlight

21.

Which body system is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that the body can use?

Select one option

Circulatory System

Respiratory System

Nervous System

Digestive System

22.

What is the main function of the circulatory system?

Select one option

To support the body and protect organs

To control all body functions

To transport blood, nutrients, oxygen, and waste throughout the body

To allow for movement

23.

Which organ is the primary site of gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the human body?

Select one option

Heart

Stomach

Brain

Lungs

24.

Which body system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and is responsible for communication and control?

Select one option

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Endocrine System

Nervous System

25.

What is the importance of homeostasis in the human body?

Select one option

It causes the body to grow rapidly.

It helps maintain a stable internal environment in the body.

It allows the body to change dramatically in response to external factors.

It is only active when a person is sick.

Experiment: Effect of Light on Plant Growth

A group of students conducted an experiment to see how different amounts of light affect the growth of bean plants. They used three groups of five identical bean plants. Group A received full light for 8 hours a day. Group B received partial light (filtered light) for 8 hours a day. Group C received no light (kept in a dark closet) for 8 hours a day. All plants received the same amount of water and were kept at the same temperature. After two weeks, they measured the average height of the plants in each group.

Table: Average Plant Height After Two Weeks

Light Condition	Average Height (cm)
Full Light	15.2
Partial Light	8.5
No Light	2.1

26.

Identify the independent and dependent variables in this experiment.

27.

Based on the data, what conclusion can you draw about the effect of light on plant growth?

28.

List at least two controlled variables that would be important to keep constant in this experiment to ensure fair testing.

Observation of Pond Water Microorganisms

A student collected a sample of pond water and observed it under a microscope over several days. They noted a small number of various single-celled microorganisms (like paramecia and amoebas). On Day 3, they added a tiny amount of pond plant fertilizer to the sample. They continued to observe the sample under the microscope, counting the estimated number of microorganisms in a specific field of view.

Table: Estimated Microorganism Count Per Field of View

Day	Estimated Count
1	15
2	18
3 (Fertilizer added)	20
4	85
5	210

29.

Based on the data, what is the effect of adding pond plant fertilizer to the pond water sample?

30.

What does the rapid increase in microorganisms tell you about their role or needs within an ecosystem?

31.

Suggest one way the students could improve this experiment to make their conclusions more reliable.

Human Heart Rate Experiment

A science class investigated how physical activity affects heart rate. Five students measured their resting heart rate for one minute. Then, they performed 5 minutes of jumping jacks and immediately measured their heart rate again for one minute.

Table: Student Heart Rates (beats per minute)

Student	Resting Heart Rate (bpm)	Heart Rate After Exercise (bpm)
1	72	120
2	68	115
3	75	125
4	70	118
5	73	122

32.

Calculate the average resting heart rate and the average heart rate after exercise for these students.

33.

Describe the general trend observed in the heart rates after exercise compared to resting heart rates. What does this indicate about the body's response to physical activity?

34.

Which other two human body systems are most directly working with the circulatory system during exercise to produce these changes? Briefly explain their roles.

35.

Explain the levels of organization in the human body, starting from cells and ending with the organism. Provide an example of each level in your explanation.

36.

Describe the flow of energy through a simple food chain, starting with the sun. Include the roles of producers, consumers (primary, secondary), and decomposers.

37.

Compare and contrast inherited traits with acquired traits. Give two examples of each.

38.

Explain the process of natural selection using an example of an animal adapting to its environment.

39.

Why is it important for scientists to conduct controlled experiments when trying to understand a new biological phenomenon? Give an example of a controlled variable you might use in an experiment studying plant growth.