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In a direct democracy, citizens:

Select one option

A) elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

B) directly participate in decision-making.

C) are ruled by a single, absolute leader.

D) have limited personal freedoms and no political voice.

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of an authoritarian political system?

Select one option

A) Regular, free, and fair elections.

B) Protection of individual civil liberties.

C) Concentration of power in a single leader or small group.

D) A robust system of checks and balances.

The principle of checks and balances is best illustrated by which of the following actions?

Select one option

A) The President appointing cabinet members.

B) Congress overriding a presidential veto.

C) The Supreme Court ruling on the constitutionality of a law.

D) All of the above.

Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and the press?

Select one option

A) Second Amendment

B) Fourth Amendment

C) Fifth Amendment

D) First Amendment

The concept of "due process of law," ensuring fair treatment through the judicial system, is primarily found in which two amendments of the U.S. Constitution?

Select one option

A) First and Third Amendments

B) Second and Eighth Amendments

C) Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments

D) Ninth and Tenth Amendments

The landmark Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of:

Select one option

A) separate but equal.

B) judicial review.

C) implied powers.

D) federal supremacy.

Which of the following is an example of the principle of federalism in the United States?

Select one option

A) The President negotiating treaties with foreign nations.

B) States having the power to establish their own educational standards.

C) The Supreme Court interpreting the Constitution.

D) Congress declaring war.

The U.S. Constitution distributes governmental powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This design is known as:

Select one option

A) Federalism

B) Popular Sovereignty

C) Separation of Powers

D) Republicanism

The primary role of the Judicial Branch, as established by the U.S. Constitution, is to:

Select one option

A) create laws.

B) enforce laws.

C) interpret laws.

D) propose constitutional amendments.

10.

The Bill of Rights was added to the U.S. Constitution primarily to:

Select one option

A) establish a stronger federal government.

B) protect individual liberties from government infringement.

C) outline the powers of the states.

D) define the process for amending the Constitution.

11.

The Electoral College was created by the framers of the U.S. Constitution primarily to:

Select one option

A) ensure proportional representation for all states.

B) give smaller states a voice in presidential elections.

C) directly reflect the national popular vote.

D) prevent political parties from dominating elections.

12.

To amend the U.S. Constitution, a proposed amendment must be approved by two-thirds of both houses of Congress and then ratified by:

Select one option

A) a majority of the popular vote.

B) the Supreme Court.

C) three-fourths of the state legislatures.

D) the President's signature.

13.

Which of the following is an exclusive power of the Executive Branch?

Select one option

A) Declaring war

B) Confirming presidential appointments

C) Negotiating treaties

D) Levying taxes

14.

The fundamental economic problem of scarcity arises because:

Select one option

A) human wants are limited, but resources are infinite.

B) human wants are infinite, but resources are limited.

C) governments allocate all resources.

D) individuals always make rational choices.

15.

Opportunity cost is best defined as:

Select one option

A) the total cost of producing a good or service.

B) the monetary cost of an item.

C) the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made.

D) the additional cost of producing one more unit.

16.

If the demand for a product is elastic, it means that a small change in price will lead to:

Select one option

A) a small change in quantity demanded.

B) a large change in quantity demanded.

C) no change in quantity demanded.

D) a proportional change in quantity supplied.

17.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures:

Select one option

A) the total value of all goods and services produced by a nation's citizens, both domestically and abroad.

B) the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.

C) the total wealth accumulated by a nation's households.

D) the total government spending in an economy.

18.

Which of the following is most likely to cause demand-pull inflation?

Select one option

A) A significant decrease in aggregate demand.

B) An increase in the supply of goods and services.

C) An increase in government spending and consumer confidence.

D) A decrease in the cost of raw materials.

19.

Cyclical unemployment is best described as unemployment that arises from:

Select one option

A) a mismatch between workers' skills and job requirements.

B) the seasonal nature of some jobs.

C) a decline in the overall economic activity or a recession.

D) individuals voluntarily changing jobs.

20.

According to the Law of Demand, as the price of a good increases, the quantity demanded will:

Select one option

A) increase.

B) decrease.

C) remain unchanged.

D) shift to the right.

21.

According to the Law of Supply, as the price of a good increases, the quantity supplied will:

Select one option

A) increase.

B) decrease.

C) remain unchanged.

D) shift to the left.

22.

In a competitive market, equilibrium price and quantity are determined by the intersection of:

Select one option

A) marginal cost and average cost.

B) supply and demand curves.

C) production possibilities frontier.

D) consumer surplus and producer surplus.

23.

Which of the following would most likely cause the demand curve for smartphones to shift to the right (increase)?

Select one option

A) A decrease in consumer income.

B) An increase in the price of complementary goods (e.g., phone cases).

C) An increase in consumer preferences for smartphones.

D) A decrease in the price of smartphones.

24.

A technological advancement that makes production more efficient would most likely cause the supply curve for a product to:

Select one option

A) shift to the right (increase).

B) shift to the left (decrease).

C) move along the curve.

D) become steeper.

25.

If a government imposes a binding price ceiling on a product, the most likely outcome will be:

Select one option

A) a surplus of the product.

B) a shortage of the product.

C) an increase in the equilibrium price.

D) an increase in the quantity supplied.

26.

The First Amendment states, 'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.'

Analyze the importance of two specific freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment in a democratic society. Discuss how these freedoms contribute to a healthy democracy and identify potential limitations or controversies associated with each. Provide specific examples to support your analysis.

27.

Assume an economy is experiencing a significant recession, characterized by high unemployment and low consumer spending.

Discuss two distinct macroeconomic policies that the government or central bank could implement to address this recession. For each policy, explain how it works and what its intended effects are on the economy. Additionally, identify one potential drawback or challenge associated with each policy.